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Spectacled bear
The spectacled bear (''Tremarctos ornatus''), also known as the Andean bear or Andean short-faced bear and locally as ''jukumari'' (Aymara), ''ukumari'' (Quechua) or ''ukuku'', is the last remaining short-faced bear (subfamily Tremarctinae). Its closest relatives are the extinct Florida spectacled bear, and the giant short-faced bears of the Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene age.〔(Spectacled Bear ). Grizzly Bear.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.〕〔(Spectacled Bears ). Bear Planet. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.〕 Spectacled bears are the only surviving species of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae.
==Description==
The spectacled bear is the only bear native to South America and is technically the largest land carnivore on that part of the continent, although as little as 5% of its diet is composed of meat. South America's largest obligate carnivorous mammal is the jaguar (''Panthera onca''). Among South America's extant, native land animals, only the Baird's (''Tapirus bairdii'') and South American tapirs (''T. terrestris'') are heavier than this species.〔 The spectacled bear is a mid-sized species of bear. Overall, its fur is blackish in color, though bears may vary from jet black to dark brown and to even a reddish hue. The species typically has distinctive beige or ginger-coloured markings across its face and upper chest, though not all spectacled bears have "spectacle" markings. The pattern and extent of pale markings are slightly different on each individual bear, and bears can be readily distinguished by this.〔Roth, H.H. (1964). "Ein beitrag zur Kenntnis von ''Tremarctos ornatus'' (Cuvier)". ''D. Zoolog. Garten'' 29:107–129.〕 Males are a third larger than females in dimensions and sometimes twice their weight. Males can weigh from , and females can weigh from .〔(Spectacled, or Andean, Bear – National Zoo| FONZ ). Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.〕 Head-and-body length can range from 120 to 200 cm (47–79 in), though mature males do not measure less than .〔Macdonald, D. (2001). ''The New Encyclopedia of Mammals.'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.〕〔Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. (1999). (''Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan'' ). IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.〕 The tail is a mere in length, and the shoulder height is from 60 to 90 cm (24–30 in). Compared to other living bears, this species has a more rounded face with a relatively short and broad snout. In some extinct species of the Tremarctinae subfamily, this facial structure has been thought to be an adaptation to a largely carnivorous diet, despite the modern spectacled bears' herbivorous dietary preferences.〔(Spectacled bear videos, photos and facts – Tremarctos ornatus ). ARKive. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.〕〔(Spectacled Bear ). Brazilianfauna.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-26.〕
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